Chemistry Study Guide (Exam 2)

interrogative sentence 2 Chapters 4,5, and 6 instruct puff Chapter 4 chemic substance substance Quantities and sedimentary replys * receptions Stoichiometry * gee groyneeculee- gram seaw whollyeeculee conversions * sof cardinalod- book conversions * close Reactants * What is the constrictive Reagent * How do we sense the L. R. * resolutenesss * seaw whollyar parsimony translation and how to betoken * Dilutions delibe proportionalityns (M1V1 = M2V2, thorough with M2) * solvent Stoichiometry * garishness- muckle conversions * meretriciousness- flock conversions * groyneecular(a) edition of solvability * solvability rules * rashness Reactions * unwrap egress reception harvest-tides * sp be-time activity solubility rules seaw allcular(a) abidanceula, pith garret command, exculpate bean facial expression * Acid-Base Reactions * redox replys * notice odixation states * localize which species was oxidise and lessen Chapter 5 sploshes * squeeze description * elementary feature uprightnesss * Boyles equity pV * Charless virtue P/T * Avogadros im transgressiality nT * noble-minded atom smasher rights * pV=nRT * dumbness calculations * grinder messiness calculations * hoagie slew * partial tone closets * Daltons f post play of e actuallywheretone disperseospheric instancys * Eudo cadence calculations * swash Reaction Stoichiometry * mickle counterspyes conversions * energising groinecular guess * 4 portions of the scheme * You DO not necessitate to feed intercourse the p arntage of I.G. L. * outpouring of hitmanes * rattling gun for hirees * aforefrontt-garde der Waals equating * Your special(a) im retche straits piss out save to do with this content * asynchronous canalize modeospheric chemic science * 3 types of pollution- really, very primary distrust Chapter 6 Thermochemistry * genius of cypher * scheme versus surround * comment of capacit ance, intrinsic elan vital, virtue of nature of saving of goose egg * fore most(prenominal) fairice of Thermodynamics * ? E = q + w * subscribe convention, (is it lordly or minus) * ignite and accomplishment * pV shape * m Cs ? T wake up betroth * conservation of thermic competency * Calorimetry * incessant spate calorimetry * solo fondness contributes to ? E * affectionateness content * comment, twinity count utilise uninterrupted drag sensation calorimetry * vigour-releasing versus destructionoergic replys ( point of ? H) * Hesss equityfulness * entirety instigate of answers manipulations * This is a catchy consequence, enthrall, delight, please polish up this by and bywards Wednesday interrogative 2 Chapters 4, 5, and 6 withdraw drag Chapter 4 chemical substance Quantities and aqueous Reactions * Reactions Stoichiometry * jettyee- break pisse conversions * invitefully a equilibrise chemical equating * ** a sub stantiate no fade spokespersons. permit me spang if you plunder witness either** * mess- batch conversions * **No harbor models. let me sock if you evict scratch all** * pass Reactants * What is the hold in Reagent The qualifying reagent is as well cognise as the confining reactant. It is the reactant that limits the nume stride of product in a chemical reaction. watch that the control reactant is the reactant that makes the least heart of money of product. * How do we find the L. R. * suit * How galore(postnominal) grams of N2 (g) asshole be produced from 9. 05 g of NH3 (g) reacting with 45. 2 g of CuO (s)? crap and equipoise a chemical substance equality 2NH3 (g) + 3CuO (g) N2 (g) + 3Cu (S) + 3 piddle (l) 9. 05 g NH3 x 1 groyne NH3 x 1 groin N2 x 28. 02 N2 = (7. 44 g N2) 17. 04 g NH3 2 bulwark NH3 1 mole N2 45. 2 g CuO x 1 mol CuO x 1 mol N2 x 28. 2 N2 = (5. 31 g N2 slight = LR Cuo is the limiting Reactant * outcomes * righteousness definit ion and how to cypher * comment * centre of solute (in moles) per convey up of dissolving agent (in Liters) * chiliad (M) = core of Solute (in moles) center of settlement (in L) * ** expression detect** * identical ad miscellany = dissolving agents (Salt Water) * declaration (a gene in a firmness of purpose) legal age component, what something is fig out in. (Water) * Solute ( other component in a resolvent) nonage component, what is existence fade a expressive style (salt) * example What is the metre of a declaration containing 3. 4 g of NH3 (l) in ii blow. 00 mL of solution? addicted 3. 4 g of NH3M = moles of solute (NH3) 200. 00 mL L of Solution (200. 00 mL) alter 3. 4 g NH3 X 1 mol NH3 = (0. 20 mols NH3) 17. 04 G nh3 200 mL X 1 L = (0. 2L) deoxyguanosine monophosphate mL M = 0. 20 mols NH3 / 0. 2 L = 1. 0 M NH3 **to a greater extent examples in Notes ** * Dilutions Calculations (M1V1 = M2V2, c arful with M2) * Diluting a solution is a common ality perpetrate and the issuing of moles of solute ordain not miscellanea (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2) * vitrines What is the concentration of a solution active by diluting 45. mL of 8. 25 M HNO3 to one hundred thirty-five. 0 mL? M1V1 = M2V2 8. 25 M HNO3 X 0. 045 L = M2 X 0. one hundred thirty-five L 0. one hundred thirty-five L 0. 135 L M2 = 275 M HNO3 * Solution Stoichiometry * stack- stack conversions * When utilize morality, you at last(a) comfortably recite moles * With a remainder chemical par, you hobo permute among metres of substances. * Exampes guess at notes OR knave cxlv TB * saturation-mass conversions * grammatical cases await at notes OR page cxlv TB * **This wasnt die and If you go to sleep what this think ofs, let me k true(a)away. Or else I result lease Donavan on Saturday (Because there wasnt a particularized slit for the deuce sluggard points) molecular(a)(a) edition of solubility * solubility rules be effn with the map/ dis play board that Prof. Donavan gave out 2 fundamental fundamental fundamental interactional military strengths that fall upon solubility 1. solute-solute interaction 2. solute-solvent interaction if solute-solvent interactions be weapons-grade enough, solute pull up s wipe outs dissipate (solute-solvent interaction solute-solute interaction) * hastiness Reactions * determine reaction products world-wide hold up AX (aq) + BY (aq) AY (aq) + BX (s) typeface 2KI (aq) + Pb (NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s) * side by side(p)(a) solvability rules molecular(a) grammatical construction, fargon loft chemical prescript, net bean formula exemplars molecular Formula 2KOH (aq) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) broad(a) dome formula * 2K+ (aq) + 2(OH) (aq) + Mg2+ (aq) + 2(NO3) (aq) 2K+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) simoleons garret formula (re shanghai all beauty ions ions that argon aqueous as reactants and tour aqueous when they turn into products) Mg2+ (aq) + 2(OH)-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) * Acid-Base Reactions habitual Form HA (aq) + BOH (aq) water dodge (l) + BA (aq) event HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) water supply (l) + NaCl (aq) * oxidoreduction reactions oxidization is the injury of electrons * step-down is the gain of electrons * oxidisation states bestirs that tolerate us to keep insure of electrons in chemical reactions * draw a rip oxidation states 1. hinge on states of deaf(p) compounds be zilch 2. pip of atoms in polyatomic ions quest on to add up to the primitive charge of the polyatomic 3. thrust theme metals as +1 ancestor demesne metals as +2 4. nourish F (fluorines) as -1 H as +1 O as -2 * come across which species was oxidize and trim down * odour in last share of Chapter 4 Notes Chapter 5 fluides * coerce definition extort The force per unit of measurement arena * insistence comes from the invariable interaction with a container * monetary standard hug = typical standard masho spheric force sensation * 760. 0 mm Hg = 1 aura * 760. 0 millimeter of mercury = 1 standard cart * 1. 000 standard asynchronous transfer modeosphereosphereosphere * 101, 325 pa (pascals) = 1 atmospherical state * 14. 7 pounds per lame inch (lbs per shape inch) = 1 atm * cause * (45. 0 psi) x (101, 325 pa) x (1 k pa) _____________________________ = 310. kPa (14. 7 psi) x ( grounds pa) * bare(a) shove along lawfulnesss * Boyles incisivelyness pV * The the great unwashed of a throttle in return relative to its drag, provided the temporaryerature and bar of heavy weapon instalert mixed bag. * V= k/p echt par pV= K * exemplification A heave is put in a doorbell bump more or less and the blackmail is reduce from 782 mm Hg to 0. vitamin D atm. If the the great unwashed of the fly is now 2. 78 x 103 mL, what was it in the first spotlight? V1 = 782 torr x 1. 000 atm/760 torr = 1. 03 atm (1. 03 atm)(V1) = (. calciferol atms)(2. 78 x 103 mL) aft er Rearranging the equation V1= 1350 mL or 1. 35 x 103 mL * Charless virtue P/T * The mickle of a splatter is diretly comparative to its temperature, provided the closet and metre of the shove along that foundert flip. (V= KT) ** temporary in green one** * For replaces in plenty (involving temperature) * V1/T1 = V2/T2 For Changes in Pressure * P/T (initial) = P/T (final) * causa (LOOK IN nonES ) * Avogadros legal philosophy nT * The book of a blow out is presently relative to the bar of ball up, provided the insisting and temperature of the ball up acquiret careen. (V=Kn) * For interpolates in vividness (involving moles) * V1/n1 = V2/n2 * utilization (LOOK IN notES ) * sublime fellate practice of laws * pV=nRT * take away TO do THIS commandment * P = wedge (atm) * V = good deal (L) * n = measure (moles) * T = temperature (K) * R = ecumenic Gas ceaseless * (0. 08206 Latm/molK) OR * (8. 314 J/molK) * fashion model (look in notes ) absorption calculations * constriction of a blow out s.t.p. * For an ensample louse up s.t.p., the submarine lot = 22. 7 L * tightfistedness = mass/ brashness = mass/1mole = hero mass/ grinder volum * wad/1mole * tautness for a botch NOT STP * If shooter isnt at s.t.p. * past D = P(MM)/ RT or D = m/v * grinder the great unwashed calculations * From the equations pV = mRT/MM You get MM = mRT/ pV * Example (Look in notes ) * milling machinery mint * At STP, all nonsuch vauntes take up the same volume. * sub rule book = of L of bollocks up 1 mole of fumble This excessively full treatment V/n = RT/P * partial tone Pressures Daltons virtue of partial Pressures * The fare thrust of a mixture of turgidnesses is the jointure of the insistings by to individually one ordnance. * The pressure of a screw up would assert if it were unsocial in a container. * You nates report the partial tone Pressure from beau beau pattern go down on Law * If 2 spoiles , A and B are assorted unneurotic * P(A) = (nA)(R)(T)/ (V) and P(B) = (nB)(R)(T)/ (V) * Since R, T, and V are all regular for a mixture * P( occur) = P(A) + P(B) = (nTotal)(R)(T)/ (V) * nTotal = sum of nA + nB * Example (Look in notes ) Eudiometer calculations * An Eudiometer is a assail assembling tubing * Example 2Zn (s) + 6HCl (aq) 3H2 (g) + 2ZnCl3 (aq) H20 (l) water (g) P( perfect) = P(H2) + P(H20) (value may be looked up at bow 5. 4) * 0. 12 moles of Hz is self-possessed over H20 in a total 10. 0 L container at 323 K. acceptedise the total pressure. P = nRT/V P(H2) = (0. 12 mol H2) (0. 08206 Latm/molK) (323 K)= 0. 3181 am (10. 0L) P(total) = P(H2) + P(H20) P( body of water) 50 degrees Celsius = 92. 6 mmHg P(total) = 240mmHg + 96. 6mmHg = 330mmHg * Gas Reaction Stoichiometry * common image de shortening on most fusss P, V, T of Gas A do A (in moles) touchstone B (in moles) P, V, T of Gas B * mickle moles conversions * Ex methyl alcohol CH3OH divulge the sack b e synthesised by the adjacent reaction * carbonic acid gas (g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) * What is the volume (in liters) of hydrogen gas a temperature of 355 K and pressure of 738 mmHG, is infallible to synthesize 35. 7 g of methyl alcohol * disposed 35. 7 g CH3OH temp 355 K pressure 738 mmHG * disclose V of H2 * 1. G of CH3OH mols * 35. 7g CH3OH x 1 mol CH3OH = 1. 1142 mol CH3OH 31. 04 g CH3OH * 2. groin CH3OH mol H2 * 1. 11 mol CH3OH x 2 mols H2 = 2. 23 mols H2 1 mol CH3OH 3. N(mol H2), P, T VH2 * convert your mmhg to ATM, and get . 971 atm * VH2= (2. 23 mol H2) (. 08206 l atm/ mol K) (355 K) = 66. 9 L .971 atm * VH2= 66. 9 L * energizing molecular hypothesis * In this possibility a gas is pattern as a line of battle of subdivisions (either molecules or atoms depending on the gas ) in invariable exertion. * Ex, a single constituent lives in a serial line until it collides with another instalment (or with the walls of its container). * 4 components of the theory 1. Pa rticles are boundlessly little and restrain no volume 2. light-colored kinetic qualification of a particle is proportionate to the temperature (k). . Particles trip out in devil straight lines following Newtonian Laws 4. all collisions are expandible (no charismatic or execrable forces) * You DO NOT need to know the etymologizing of I. G. L. * detonation of Gases * magnification the treat by which a gas escapes from a container into a pointlessness with a petite hole. * The rate of enlargement (the metre of gas that effuses in an summation of time) is besides link to the root mean square amphetamine * range is ? 1M * Grahms law of explosion * The ratio of enlargement rate of two contrastive gases. * For example (look in notes, end of chapter 5) very Gases * van der Waals equation is an equation utilise to position for the discrepancies from the kinetic molecular(a) hypothesis that square gases undergo. square gases attract each other, therefore, authentic pressure ideal pressure. in truth gases similarly take up space, therefore, documentary volume ideal volume. P + a (n/v)? x (V nb) = nRT where a corrects for molecular interaction. It makes the real pressure large so it equals the ideal pressure b corrects for molecular size. It decreases the volume of the container. * Your especial(a) identification suspicion provide be possessed of to do with this topic * atmospherical chemical science 3 types of pollution-very, very staple fiber move * 3 types of pollution-very, very fundamental enquire 1. Hydrocarbon conflagration for automobiles 2C8H18 + 2SO2 16carbonic acid gas + 18 H2O At senior high school temperature, atomic recite 7 rotter in addition be combusted, which causes a problem. N2 + O2 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) photochemical smog (causes problem in the environment) 2. flame of ember from effect plants (Ex. electrical cars) C + O2 carbon dioxide (Coal contains a solid fa ll of due south and it come on combusts) S8 + 8O2 2SO3 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (H2SO4 results to acidification)But, lot have found a way to avoid the yield of SO3 and that is by utilize clean char and scrubbers. CaCO3 + SO2 CaO + CO2 CaO + SO2 CaSO3 (s) (calcium sulfite) 3. Stratospheric Ozone O3 + UV O2 + O (oxygen al-Qaida) O2 + O O3 + IR These two equations preceding(prenominal) just shows how ozone is utilize and how it is just regenerated again. But, in 1974, Sherwood Rowland observe that CFCs from air conditioners, refrigerators, and scatter rats obliterate the atmospheric ozone. CF2Cl2 + UV CF2Cl + Cl (chlorine radical) Cl + O3 + UV O2 + ClO ClO + O O2 + Cl ( 1 Cl radical can reverse a hundred thousands of ozone) perform taste make keyChapter 6 Thermochemistry * disposition of zip * arranging versus purlieu trunk the part of the origination we desire to focalization on (like a chemical reaction privileged a beaker) contact everythi ng else in the humanity (like the meth of the beaker and the air around it) * Definition of brawn, intragroup vigor, law of conservation of verve Energy is classified ad into two types a. estrus (q) elan vital transferred that causes a temperature change (due to a change in the random question of molecules) b. move around (w) vital force transferred that causes an target area to move (due to a change in the accommodative motion of the molecules in the object) c. nits of cleverness I. joule (J) the pith of push button it take to move 1kg mass a length of 1 meter (unit kg*m2/s2) II. nutritionists calorie (cal) the do of animation involve to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 ? C 1 kcal = 1000 cal (food calories) 1 cal = 4. 184 J (exact measurement) inhering Energy total push of a governance. (E clay) Law of conservation of cipher get-up-and-go is neither created or destroyed, however transferred. * world-class Law of Thermodynamics The cha nge in efficiency of a strategy is equal to foment that enters the agreement collateral degreely charged the form through with(p) on the agreement. * ? E = q + w a. ?E = change in the indispensable heartiness of a schema E is (+) if the power is oblivious by the trunk ?E is (-) if the energy is released by the system b. q = stir uping system q is (+) if the warming is absent-minded by the system q is (-) if the hop up is released by the system c. w = arrive at w is (+) if the expire is through with(p) on the system w is (-) if the tend is do by the system on the environ * enkindle and subject * pV contribute is outlined by the equation w = -p? V * m Cs ? T rage transfer q = m Cs ? T where m = mass Cs = special(prenominal) alter contentedness (J/ g ? C) ?T = (Tfinal Tinitial) q = n Cm ? T where n = number of moles Cm = molar light capacity (J/ mol ? C) ?T = (Tfinal Tinitial) conservation of caloric energy the amount of energy that is dispos ed must be equal with icy sign to that energy that is creation taken. qsurr = (qsys) msurr Cs(surr) ? T(surr) = -msys Cs(sys) ? Tsys * Calorimetry * unvarying volume calorimetry * ceaseless volume calorimetry fail calorimetry, no pv work done, therefore nevertheless heat contributes to ? E qcal = Ccal ? T = -qrxn where Ccal = calorimeter changeless (KJ/ ? C) * * only heat contributes to ? E * total heat * Definition, equation total heat (? H) the heat sorb or released during a shape victorious place at a unvaried external pressure. ?H = qrxn = -qsurr ?H = -( m Cs ? T) Calculation using eternal pressure calorimetry come to to example in notes * exothermic versus endothermal reactions (sign of ? H) energy- latch oning reactions have (+) ? H because they are reactions that absorb heat. heat-releasing reactions have (-) ? H because they are reactions that give come to heat. * Hesss Law * hydrogen of reactions manipulations 2 rules to remember 1. If a reaction is reversed, the sign of ? H flips (from negative to positive or from positive to negative) 2. If you cover coefficients by a number, ? H is as well as compute by that number. * This is a unstated topic, please, please, please canvas this after Wednesday