Global Crisis, Recession & Uneven Recovery

Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery by Y. V. Reddy Book Review by Nidhi Choudhari There is enough on this earth to meet the needs of all, but not the greed of all. Mahatma Gandhi Why I picked up Y. V. Reddy’s Book There have been a large number of books published on current global financial crisis therefore; selection of this particular book on the subject requires some reasoning. First, there are not many books written by central bankers on the topic.Central banks have been central in the management of the crisis and therefore, Dr Reddy’s book provides a central banker’s assessment of the crisis and its impact. Second, on personal level, I have worked in RBI between September 2006 and December 2011 and was witness to the measures taken by Reserve Bank before and during the crisis under the able leadership of Dr Y. V. Reddy, the Governor, Reserve Bank of India (2003-2008). Having worked under his visionary leadership, I opted to take his book, â€Å"Glo bal Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† for review.Third, Dr Reddy led the course of financial pragmatism in times of relentless deregulation and ensured that Indian financial system does not fall into the blind race to bottom in regulation. Finally, having read Dr Reddy’s previous book on the topic viz. â€Å"India and the Global Financial Crisis: Managing Money and Finance†, I was very keen on reading its sequel viz. â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery†. For all these reasons, I selected this book and am thankful to Madam Nidhi Sharma for approving this book for review.The reviewed book is a collection of 27 speeches (given in the form of 27 chapters in 5 parts), Dr Reddy delivered at different points of time during and after the crisis. These chapters give a deeper insight into the actions taken by the RBI to mitigate the impact of the crisis in India and how India remained largely unaffected due to adequate regulatory mechanisms. Dr R eddy has also been a member of the Commission of Experts of The President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of The International Monetary and Financial System popularly known as Stiglitz Commission after its chairman Joseph Stiglitz.He has given several references about the recommendations of this UN Commission in the book. The 19th Chapter in the book is about the UN Commission recommendations about global crisis. Hence, the reader of the book gets an understanding of the global thinking on the crisis and its after effects. What’s there in the Book Economists have compared the current global financial crisis to that of the Great Recession of 1930s. The current crisis has in fact, affected all countries across the world in different degrees and that way, it was truly a global recession.Today, the crisis is over however the recovery has started at different paces in different places. Dr Reddy is of the view that the recovery from the global crisis is going to be prolonged and uneven. The book â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† provides an experienced policymaker’s understanding of the genesis, progression and impact of the financial crisis, and of the lessons it offered. It is written at a time when Indian economy is facing several challenges in terms of slowdown in growth rate, inflation, ballooning fiscal and current account deficit etc.The book contains Dr Reddy’s perspective and analysis of the crisis, recession and recovery in a simple, lucid and non-technical manner which appeals the reader. There are five sections in the book containing 27 chapters in all. The five sections relate to the global financial crisis and its aftermath, financial sector: retrospect and prospects, public policy: challenges and responses, global financial architecture: the debates and India: performance and prospects respectively. The first section of the book gives a lucid account of the financial crisis and its consequences in si x chapters.In the first chapter, Dr Reddy talks about the role played by central banks before, during and after the crisis. He writes that the accountability in regard to management of the crisis of the crisis will have to be shared between the central bank, the Ministry of Finance and, to some extent, the government as a whole. The author writes about the consequences of the crisis viz. rebalancing of power between the regulator and the regulated, shift in balance of in favour of Asia, rise of G-20 on the global platform and a cautious approach towards self-correcting efficiency of markets etc.Explanations with regard to the causes of the global financial crisis and an overview of the prolonged extensive excesses that acted synchronically to cause the global crisis are discussed in detail. The second section of the book focuses on the future of the financial sector with some cautious remarks about uncertain recovery and prospects for the futures. The author highlights the role of f inancial regulation in developing countries. Dr Reddy writes that â€Å"the causes and crossborder transmission of the crisis may differ significantly between the advanced as well as between the developing economies. There is a detailed chapter on countercyclical policies adopted by the RBI in the financial sector and also on the proposals for financial sector regulatory reforms from the perspective of developing countries. He discusses the future of globalisation of finance and the global regulation of the financial sector. The last chapter of this section provides a broad framework for global financial regulation. The third section deals with the public policy challenges and responses that emerged during the current global crisis.He has discussed the feasibility of Tobin Tax and Financial Sector Taxation in light of current crisis. Dr Reddy has also thrown light on the developmental dimension of the financial sector, fiscal implications of the global crisis and macroeconomic fram eworks that are emerging for ensuring overall global financial stability. The forth section raises a very important concern of modern times i. e. reform of global financial architecture comprising of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO. In this section, Dr Reddy has discussed the recommendations of the UN Commission on the global crisis.He has also analysed the G-20 framework and its future prospects. Finally the book focuses on India's performance and prospects; India's experience in regulating the financial sector; and the need for reform in India's financial sector. The author also compares Indian situation with that of Asia and the global economy in terms of resilience and recovery after the crisis. The last chapter in concluding section draws attention to the exit strategies being considered at the global as well as national level by the authorities to revert back to normality.Take Away from the Book As the book is entitled â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recoveryâ⠂¬ , the biggest take away after reading of the book would be a clear and better understanding of these three terms viz. (1) Global Crisis, (2) Recession and (3) Uneven Recovery. I personally would like to share my understanding of these three aspects in greater detail with the help of excerpts from the book in the following points: Global Crisis: Reasons, Consequences and Lessons Learnt Several reasons have been cited for the recent crisis viz. ailure of state, market, governance, intellect and morality. Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"The current global crisis originated in multiple causes that reinforced each other. Extensive excesses on several fronts, which occurred in a synchronised fashion, precipitated the crisis. These excesses were observed in liquidity, macroeconomic imbalances, focus on inflation, inequalities, financialisation, leverage, risk-taking, deregulation, financial innovation, networking, greed, globalisation and concentration. 1 While discussing the moral aspect of g lobal crisis, Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"†¦ the large sections of society favoured individualism, narrowly emphasising value for money as consumers and returns on money as investors over other aspects of social behaviour, such as being good citizen or extending corporate loyalty to the institution. †2 Dr Reddy discusses the race to bottom in regulation of financial sector as one of the most crucial reason for the global financial crisis.He writes, â€Å"†¦the excesses in financial sector occurred under a benign public policy that believed the costs of regulation to be greater than its benefits†¦ Even the existing regulation was stymied by excessive innovations in finance that aimed to avoid the prescribed regulatory capital, and injected complexity to undermine the rules of transparency prescribed by regulators. †3 As far as consequences of the crisis are concerned, Dr Reddy is of the view that the current crisis will result in rebalancing of ideological, in stitutional and operational functioning of states and 1 2Page 46, Chapter 3 Page 43, Chapter 2 3 Page 59, Chapter 4 markets. He writes, â€Å"â€Å"In recent years, there has been an almost irrefutable presumption in favour of markets and this may be replaced with a refutable presumption in favour of the markets. †4 As a result of the crisis, the irrefutable support for unfettered markets stands discredited and so also the belief that the growth of the financial sector leads to economic development. Also, the crisis has added to the objectives of central banks an additional responsibility i. e. inancial stability. The RBI has also taken it to its objectives alongwith growth and price stability. The author calls for redefining the core banking and recommends treatment of commercial banking as a public utility. He writes, â€Å"†¦universal banking will be de-emphasised and narrow banking, in the sense of banks concentrating on core commercial banking or deposits and lend ing will be emphasised†¦ In brief, commercial banking is likely to be closer to a public utility than before, and hence subject to regulations akin to public utilities. 5 He further stresses, â€Å"It should be recognised that there will be no banks if there are no depositors. †6 As regards lessons from the crisis, Dr Reddy suggests that â€Å"†¦improving transparency and regulatory oversight of hedge funds, credit rating agencies and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives should become a priority in the light of the experience from the crisis. †7 Interestingly, the author suggests in the light of observations of the Warwick Commission Report that the scope for and desirability of an ‘unlevelled’ playing field as an instrument of financial sector regulation ought to be explored. As a thinker and an oracle who sees the future of financial sector with great precision, he writes, â€Å"†¦the crisis is global; actions are national; benefits could b e selective or universal; but burdens in the future may have to be largely borne by the masses who bear no responsibility for the crisis, and those who did not benefit materially from the events that led the crisis. †9 Recession In Chapter 6, the author discusses the Great Recession of 2009 in detail and thereafter as per the demand of the subject.He clarifies the concepts of depression, recession and slowdown. A slowdown is a clear fall in the growth of an economy. It is usually a short-term phenomenon lasting say a quarter or a year. The author defines slowdown as a drop in the growth rate by one percentage point. To him, recession refers to a sustained decline in the overall economic activity for a period of more than one year. Depression lasts longer than recession and refers to a longer and larger decline in business activity, mainly reflected in huge drop in output and unemployment. 4 5Page 28, Chapter 1 Page 78, Chapter 5 6 Page 217, Chapter 14 7 Page 172, Chapter 12 8 Page 157, Chapter 10 9 Page 63, Chapter 4 Uneven Recovery If the Great Recession was uneven, so is the recovery. 10 Dr Reddy discusses several responses to the crisis at different points in several chapters. He writes in Chapter 4, â€Å"Initially, the response of monetary authorities, followed by fiscal measures, was confined to the US, UK, Switzerland, other European countries, and Japan, but it was soon realised that it was necessary to involve other countries as well in globally coordinated actions. The author has discussed five possible patterns that could be followed by the countries in their course of recovery. The highly resilient economies may observe rapid recovery from the crisis while less resilient economies would require a longer time to adjust to the new realities and ensure real recovery. Some economies may suffer from double dip recession before complete recovery while some other countries may prefer taking structural measures over a prolonged period thereby opting for a slow but positive recovery after recession.Some countries may register a low level of economic activity for a prolonged period and therefore suffer from recession for a much longer period than the rest of the world. Critique of the Book I consider myself too small to write a critique of the book written by Y. V. Reddy; however, as a reader of global crisis literature I have observed a few points which I will share with the readers of this book review.This book being written by a Central Banker is largely concerned with central bank’s role in dealing with such crisis and redefining of the role of central banks in the wake of need for financial stability. In this pursuit, the role of government in dealing with such crisis has been ignored to some extent. Similarly, the book was published in the year 2011 when a number of countries in Europe were facing sovereign debt crisis however, only a passing reference is made to such an important global event which has pushed many countries in double dip recession.Apart from this, the book is worth reading by all economics lovers and also all policy makers as it gives a deeper insight into the global crisis, recession and recovery. To sum up, I would prefer to quote Sir Howard Davies, Director London School of Economics who applauds the book in the following words, â€Å"Dr Reddy’s (book) fills an important gap†¦ He has lived at the heart of financial system and understands its strengths and weaknesses†¦ His analysis of the problems of the global financial architecture is particularly acute. † 10 Page 93, Chapter 6

Busy Busy Barcelona

It is said that Barcelona is one of the most exciting cities in the world. On first arrival there were only hints of this, but as the coach further into the city its true colours were shining gloriously. I couldn't be sure if it was the fast street entertainment or the immense amount of shoppers and traffic, but either way my pulse was pumping because of this electrifying city. My excuse for being in this exhilarating environment is a day trip to the big city everyone talks about. My accommodation was situated in a coastal town named Salou, roughly one hours drive from Barcelona. My hotel was called hotel â€Å"Cleopatra†, a nice but relatively insignificant next to this manic metropolis. As my accommodation was over an hour away I was anticipating a good day out and so far things looked set to be going that way. Approaching the city centre now, I notice two extremes of Barcelona's busy life. The first are apparent to be the wealthy, designer labelled snobs who frown upon and grace no pity towards the other forgotten race that that are the remorseful tramps. It seemed that the rest of the city was moving forward so blindingly fast that that these endless vagabonds are left in a sea of no hope. However, in an action so hypocritical to whom I just accused, we deliberately admire a crumbling sculpture to move on swiftly past the swarm of homeless Spaniards. Our first objective of the trip is to get a topless bus around the city. We vaguely made out the attempt at English from the operator, which did seem to be a recurrence throughout the day, demanding of us, â€Å"four people, 68 Euros!† You've got to be joking!! However at this point we didn't really have much choice as this was the only real way we could ever get a good old gander at the sites of the city. So despite the outrage, me, my Girlfriend, her Mum and her Dad decide to give it a go. The bus was certainly filled with most British, yet the navigator on the microphone never thought to attempt a spot of English, no, strictly Spanish. Nevertheless we could still view the sites and scenery, if of course we hadn't of taken poor advice in which we asked for the route which takes us past the illustrious Barcelona Cathedral, but never did we actually see the magnificent building. At least, not from closer than half a mile away viewed on a hilltop. The one truly satisfying thing about this exhilarating experience was that from inside the topless bus the sun came beaming down on us in which I believe I turned about 5 different shades from white to brown within a matter of two and half hours. On departure of our trip that proved a somewhat anti climax situation, I felt a large overpowering sigh of relief come across me, and a look around made an impact and my original feelings of the day that was the anticipation of the new city ahead of me. Fresh air? No block buildings? No traffic and insane amounts of shoppers We had reached a completely different part of Barcelona which we had looped around the city to get to it in the bus, but we had ended up perhaps ten minutes from the city centre. We couldn't even feel that it was Barcelona, it felt like Spain, which seemed like so much different. This was certainly more the family side of the city as it had many more family shops and attractions, and not to mention families. Yes, this part of the city was giving me the holiday feeling that the closed up, claustrophobic busy mainstream of the city wasn't. This new side of Barcelona creates a new feeling of ease and I finally find why this so highly rated city gets the praise that it does, and is so renowned worldwide as a hotspot for any age or type. It was almost as if there were two separate cities mixed in together to make the ultimate holiday destination, with a family attraction to the city being just a 10 minute drive from a busy and unpredictable centre, its bound to be that. Such a huge variation in tourist attraction is no doubt how this city rakes in millions upon millions of pounds through the tourism industry, making it Barcelona's key and its largest impact on the cities economy. My favourite attraction from the whole experience was stumbled upon at about mid afternoon and was a stones throw away from where we departed with the bus. I stared at first, mesmerised at the colossal once used Olympic Stadium. From the outside I witnessed it to be a enormous display of architectural genius used subtlety to emphasise the home of the flame once held within. As I leave the magnificent Stadium in which we were not allowed to enter, I felt like I could spend all afternoon with the satisfaction that I am butterflied with at the moment. No sooner said than done we ended up in that very place where we started off originally, but somehow I managed to appreciate it a lot more than I did as a first impression. It now occurs to me that these two parts of the cities are maybe simply complimenting the other to combine creating a worldwide holiday destination. However there are many reasons I would tell a holiday maker contemplating where to go to not travel to this big city, but there are so many reasons more why I would tell them to book it for Barcelona. After a hectic day we made it back to Salou at around nine thirty when I came to my conclusion on my day. I felt that as busy and difficult as Barcelona was, it was worth every minute and is not a day to miss out on, whoever you are.

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics Essay

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics and Hesiod's Theogony - Essay Example We can therefore conclude that the cosmogony, as well as the theogony, is a representation of the universality of the world. These are representations of the realistic order of the world. According to mythology, the universe has gone several states from generation to generation and yet humans are still considered part of creation that only serve the balance and harmony of creation. We have no authority or power that could surpass the power of the gods. Theogony and cosmogony are realizations of the governing of things in the universe. Humans are a part of creation and that they have the authority to manage other creations. They are considered more special compared to other worldly creatures. On the contrary, they cannot be as powerful as the gods. They cannot be on the same ground as the gods. The story of Prometheus was an example of this governing and ordering of things. He was punished for his disobedience, and this first part of cosmogony just shows how inferior or powerless humans are compared to the gods. The place or position of humans whether in Greek mythology or the Genesis story of creation expresses authority and governess over the other creations on earth. It is more definite than the story of power struggle among gods. As a whole, humans are the center of balance and harmony in the real world. Human beings have the authority to reestablish the earth or destroy its harmonious existence. This is true even in the modern time. The reality of human existence and its role in the universe is made the cosmogony and theogony have theorized. Gods are just myths, but human existence in this world plays a vital role in the orderly state of the

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Art Criticism - Essay Example The recent cleaning of this painting is what ignited the interest of those who made the Constable exhibition possible. (3) The White Horse is an oil painting of a landscape of a cottage and its grounds, with a white horse as its focal point. The horse is harnessed and standing in the corner of a fence which is a prison him. Wanting to be free, in its stillness, the horse illustrates a contrast against the movement shown by the rest of the painting. Pulling the viewer into the scene are the paintings rounded forms, especially, in its trees and foliage. The energy depicted in the painting makes it not only have a harmonious feel but excitement as well. "Toward the end of his life, in the 1830s, Constable's art became more emotionally charged. He increasingly regarded the sky as 'the chief organ of sentiment' in landscape painting, and very likely looked to his cloud studies more for their expressiveness, than for their empirical or scientific content."(4) Constable often used paper rather than canvas to paint upon because it dried faster and allowed him to more freely express his emotions. It is the energy of his paintings that pulls me into them, while drawing forth the excitement of my emotions. Van Gogh's painting, The Olive Orchard, a 28 by 36 oil painting, is much smaller in size than the size of Constable's paintings. However, the sky in The Olive Garden has the same energy as that depicted in the skies paintings by Constable. Constable, like Van Gogh, was a lover of pastoral settings, and there is something about the combination of their subjects; animals and nature, that presents the romantic sides of their natures. It is through the pastoral theme in their paintings that I'm drawn away from the excitement of them, to a calmer side of myself. Prior to being exhibited in the Royal Academy of Art, The White Horse was part of the estate of Peter A.B. Widener. Later, it became a part of the Widener Collection on loan to the academy. (5) Other works in the Constable exhibition include The Hay Wain (1820-1821), View on the Stour near Dedham (1822), The Leaping Horse (1825), and Hadleigh Castle (1829). There are six paintings by Van Gogh in the gallery's permanent collection. Among them is The Olive Orchard, which is a 28 by 36 oil painting. Its size is much smaller than that of Constable's paintings. Yet, in many ways, their paintings are alike. The subjects in The Olive Orchard, two young women on a ladder, picking olives from an olive tree, like the subjects in Constable's pastoral scenes are similar. They act as contrasts against the energy of the skies both painters depict in their works. The Olive Orchard painting was completed in 1889, and is now a part of the gallery's permanent collection. The gallery also has in its permanent collec

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Communication Activity BYP8-5 - Assignment Example Cash is considered the most liquid current asset. Cash is needed to pay off the short term and long term obligations of a company. Upon review of your internal control system to handle cash our firm found several deficiencies. The person that deposits the checks has properly endorsed checks that are ready for the deposit, but the person does not know the accuracy of his check deposit because he does not have a list of the checks. Adding a list of checks would provide a way to verify if the checks that are supposed to be deposited are there. The person that is handling this transaction is the wrong person. Currently your company is allowing the cashier and the account receivable clerk to handle this transaction. This is a risky move because since these employees are dealing with cash and receivable they could collude against the company and create a fraud scheme to steal money from the firm. Since they are handling all aspects of the cash dealing it would be easy for them to steal wit hout anyone noticing. To fix the problem these employees should no longer handle the check deposits. The weekly deposit routine can be improved by switching to a daily deposit routine. Regards, John May, Auditor Tel. (856-932-1412)

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Kung Fu Panda and Frankenstein - Movie Review Example But before they know it, the vengeful and treacherous snow leopard Tai Lung is headed their way, and it's up to Po to defend everyone from the oncoming threat. Can he turn his dreams of becoming a Kung Fu master into reality Po puts his heart - and his girth - into the task, and the unlikely hero ultimately finds that his greatest weaknesses turn out to be his greatest strength" (Moviefone). With this, it has become apparent that some people are not comfortable with solitary because they have to discover themselves as shown in the movie "Kung Fu Panda, however being alone means finding one self to be complete. Finally, being in solitary is finding happiness with one's self. Along with that, in "The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life," the writer embraces the idea of solitary since being alone can be rewarding as shown by the character Po. It is explained being in solitary can help a person to love themselves and find out what makes them happy even though it is a scary experience. Furthermore, the essay and novel also show that most people are afraid of what they may find out about themselves. What had he been afraid of, I asked myself That, ... His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it The original impact gets lost, or diffused (The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life). With this evidence, a person in solitary can find or discover ideas that they thought that were lost. Solitary gives people enlightenment on whatever their minds wander off to, which some find frightful since it is a part of the unknown. "I think the true test of a genius is the ability to see the follies of one's own times. The ability to change one's own times is the true test of a leader. And the ability to do both is the true test of a visionary who will never be elected" (Islam). It is about discovery of one's self, which the character, Po in "Kung Fu Panda finally accomplished this when he stopped fearing to be alone. Being a loner causes one to get real with himself and face the truth of what and who he is. It also gives him the opportunity to do the soul searching that is necessary to correct those things that he doesn't like about himself. Some people chose to be alone others are alone because no one wants anything to do with them (Being solitary.. promotes a kind of maturity and wisdom which would normally take much longer) FrankensteinIn today's world, not everything is not black and white; there is a gray area. This means what is right for one person might not be right for someone else. Everyone is

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Scientific method Essay

The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction Essay In this experiment I shall be investigating how temperature affects the rate of reaction Rates of reaction The Factors that affect the rate of reaction are temperature, surface area, concentration, catalysts, light and pressure Surface area – Surface area is the amount of solid surface that is available for reaction Only affects solids so this will not affect our experiment When the surface area increases the rate of reaction increases as there is more surface area for the particles to work on, thus, there are more collisions per second Example : It is easier to light a fire with small pieces of stick than using large blocks of wood Concentration Concentration is the amount of molecules of a substance in a given volume Concentration affects solids, gases and liquid so this will affect our experiment When the concentration increases the rate of reaction increases as there are more molecules present, therefore there are more collisions between molecules (Collision theory) Example : zinc reacts fairly slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid but when the acid is concentrated, the rate of reaction increases. Catalysts A catalyst is a substance which speeds up the  rate of reaction without itself going undergoing any permanent chemical change – this means only small amounts of catalysts are needed to speed up reactions When a catalyst is involved in an experiment there is less energy needed for the reaction therefore there is more collisions per second We will not be using catalysts in our experiment Example : Decomposing hydrogen peroxide  solution at room temperature is very slow, but using a small amount of manganese oxide greatly increases the reaction rate and oxygen is given off rapidly Light Light is a form of energy and it causes many chemical reactions to take place. Light does not affect our experiment Example : Photosynthesis Temperature Collision theory is used to explain how different factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction. For a reaction to take place the reactant particles must collide with each other with adequate energy (activation energy), this energy is used to break the bonds between the particles. If the particles do not have enough energy they will bounce off each other without reacting. By increasing the temperature the particles gain more energy and move faster causing more collisions per second. 10oC 60oC Previous Experiments These previous experiments give us background information on rates of reaction: Acid and limestone CaCO3(s) + 2HCL(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Apparatus – Conical flask, hydrochloric acid, marble chips, cotton wool and scales In this experiment we mix a certain mass of large marble chips with a certain volume of hydrochloric acid in a conical flask and use cotton wool to trap the acid spray. As the carbon dioxide is given off from the flask, the mixture loses mass, this is measured and recorded every minute until the reaction is over. The experiment is repeated again using the same mass of marble chips and the same volume of hydrochloric acid and the same temperature but instead using small marble chips. When we look at our results we find that the larger marble chips take more time to react than the smaller marble chips which show that as the surface area increases, the rate of reaction increases. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) Apparatus – Conical flask, gas syringe, hydrogen peroxide solution and solid manganese oxide In this experiment we firstly measure the time taken for hydrogen peroxide to decompose and produce 50cm3 of oxygen at room temperature and without a catalyst. We use a gas syringe to measure the oxygen given off. Then we repeat the experiment but instead add a small amount of solid manganese oxide to the hydrogen peroxide solution. When we look at our results we find that without the catalyst (manganese oxide) the reaction is very slow, but when we add the catalyst the decomposition is very fast and oxygen is  rapidly given off which shows that catalysts increase the rate of reaction. Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCL(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l) Apparatus – Sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid, stop clock, a measuring cylinder and white paper with a black cross In this experiment we vary the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate, add it to a given volume of hydrochloric acid and time how long it takes for the mixture to go cloudy and the cross to disappear. When we look at our results we see that as we increase the concentration of sodium thiosulphate the rate of reaction increases. Hypothesis My prediction is, as the temperature of the reaction mixture increases so to will the rate of reaction as at higher temperatures the particles have more energy and will collide more hence increasing the rate of reaction. This is explained by the collision theory. The collision theory also allows me to predict that my time against temperature graph will have negative correlation as the time taken will decrease as the temperature increases. I also predict this graph will be curved as the time taken will not be directly proportional to the temperature. I also predict that as I increase the temperature of the mixture, the time taken for the cross to disappear will decrease. Reaction In my experiment I shall be investigating the effect of temperature on a reaction rate by reacting sodium thiosulphate in dilute hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation below Sodium + hydrochloric Sodium + Sulphur + Sulphur + Water thiosulphate acid chloride dioxide Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCL (aq) 2NaCl (aq)+ SO2 (g) + S (s) + H2O (l) Sodium thiosulphate is a clear liquid and hydrochloric acid is a clear liquid, when they react together the solution turns cloudy due to the sulphur. The reaction is exothermic as the energy required to break the bonds is less than the energy needed to make new bonds. Procedure Apparatus †¢ Conical flask †¢ Measuring cylinder †¢ Bunsen burner †¢ Thermometer †¢ Stop clock †¢ White paper with a black cross Method 1. Measure out 10 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate and 40cm3 of water into a flask. Measure out 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid an a measuring cylinder 2. Heat the thiosulphate solution to the required temperature using a Bunsen burner 3. Add the acid and start the stop clock. Swirl the flask to mix the solutions and put the solution on the white paper with a black cross 4. Look down at the cross and stop the clock and note the time taken when the cross has disappeared. Record the temperature of the mixture in the flask. Variables The variables we will need to keep constant are †¢ The concentration of sodium thiosulphate †¢ The concentration of hydrochloric acid †¢ The volume of hydrochloric acid †¢ The same colour of cross †¢ The same thickness of cross †¢ Look at the cross from the same height The independent variable is the temperature. We will take 7 different recordings between 10o-70o We will do each recording 5 times and get an average to make sure the results are accurate. Results I will record my results in the table and make a time against temperature and a 1/time against temperature graph as shown below

Study Analysis: Gentlemen Prefer Blondes

Study Analysis: Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Kwong Ho Kuen Everyday Social Psychology: Report on Media Article #2 A news article from The Independent reported that modern gentleman preferred â€Å"brains† rather than â€Å"blondes† (Lusher, 2014). Why do men value educational levels or intelligence over physical attractiveness? Is this argument just objective opinion or is it scientifically proved? If the phenomenon is true, can it be explained by social psychology? In this paper, we will take a closer look at the issue with the help of concepts and theories of social psychology. We will first review the news article and capture the main ideas of it. Then, we will further investigate the scientific evidence referred by the news article. Afterwards, we will define the main issue going to be discussed. Finally, we will examine related empirical journal articles and apply the findings to the explanation of the issue. Introduction of the Issue Review of the news article At the very beginning, let’s review the news article and summarize its main points. The news article is titled â€Å"Gentlemen prefer brains: similarly educated couples last†. It was published in The Independent on July 27, 2014. It reports some findings from a recent study of marriage about associations between educational levels and divorce rates. It says that marriages between a better educated wife and less educated husband from 1950 to 1979 were 34 percentage more likely to divorce than the opposite one. Furthermore, it is reported that couples having similar levels of education have a lower rate of divorce than marriages between a better educated husband and a less educated wife. Therefore, the article suggests that â€Å"similarly educated couples last†. The article quotes the title of a classic film called Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. It suggests that there was a common belief in the past that men preferred a less educated and maybe physically attractive wife. However, the research result suggests the opposite of it. Closer look at the study being referred to Does this article reflect the study finding subjectively? Is there are any personal opinions added to the article? With a view to examine the accuracy of report and gather further details about the study, the research being referred to in the news article is found. It is an empirical journal article titled â€Å"The reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Trends in Marital Dissolution† (Schwartz Han, 2014). It was published in the American Sociological Review, an academic journal, in 2014. In this study, the researchers try to examine the risk of marital dissolution among marriages of couples with different combinations of educational level. These combinations include hypogamous marriages which a higher educated wife is married to a lower educated husband; hypergamous marriages which a lower educated wife is married to a higher educated husband; and a homogamous marriage which a couple with similar educational level get married. The study makes use of demographic data in American from the National Survey of Family Growth, Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Current Population Survey from 1950 to 2009. It examines the divorce rate of hypogamous, hypergamous and homogamous marriages. In addition to comparing the divorce rate, the study also tries to examine the changes in relative risk of divorce among three types of marriages over decades. Two major results are found. First, as reported in the news article, it is found that hypogamous marriages had a higher divorce rate than the hypergamous marriages before 1980. However, the association of higher divorce rate and hypogamous marriages no longer exists since 1990. In another word, the marriages between higher educated wives and lower educated husband are no longer more likely to break up in recent times. The study further asked if these hypogamous couples are less likely to divorce than hypergamous couples, but no conclusive evidence is found. In addition to what the news article reports, the study also attempts to find out factors behind this change. It suggested that an increase in education level may affect. Although the relative educational attainment of wives in hypogamous marriages is still higher, the data showed that the individual educational attainment of both wife and husband in hypogamous marriages increase over the decades. However, no evidence can be found by using Cox proportional hazard model, a statistical analysis method. On the other hand, the study also discovers that homogamous couples are less likely to divorce compared to hypergamous couples, as reported. What the news article does not include is the change of stability in these homogamous marriages. In 1950s, homogamous couples are no more likely to divorce than hypergamous couples. However, they are even less likely to divorce than the hypergamous couples after 1990. Going back to the news article, it is partly true to say that â€Å"similarly educated couples last†. It is true that homogamous couples are less likely to divorce compared to hypergamous couples. However, it is not completely accurate to say homogamous couples are least likely to divorce among all. It is because the study did not run any three group comparison like Analysis of Variance to find supporting evidence. Also, it is accurate for the news to say that â€Å"gentlemen prefer brains to blonde†. In the study, physical attractiveness was not measured and analyzed in any stages. Defining the issue to be discussed There are three ideas described in the news article. First, it is the mating preference of men to choose â€Å"brains† which is believed to be education level or intelligence over â€Å"blondes† which is believed to be physical attractiveness. As mentioned above, it is the reporter own comment rather what the research study finds. So, we are not going to focus on this idea. The second idea is the relative divorce rate among hypogamous couples comparing to hypergamous couples. There is a change from positive correlation before 1980 to no association afterward. However, it is still inconclusive whether a reversed situation has occurred. At the same time, researchers have attempted, but fail to discover the contributing factors behind. The phenomenon is still being studied by researchers. We cannot illustrate much about this idea at the moment. Finally, it is worth noticing about the stability of homogamous marriages. It is found that couples with similar educational background has less chance of marital dissolution comparing to hypergamous marriages. In this paper, we are going to illustrate this issue by social psychology concepts. We will see why people with similar educational background are attracted to each other. And we will see why couples of similar education background stay with each other. Empirical Journal Article and Application to the Issue (1) Attraction between People with Similar Educational Level To become a stable marital relationship, the couples should be attracted to each other at the very first place. The news article said that similarly educated couples are less likely to divorce. In another word, people with similar educational background are attracted to each other. Can social psychology concepts illustrate that similar people attract each other? To be more specific, do people of similar educational level attract each other? In Search of Empirical Journal Article In order to find supporting evidence, a search of empirical journal articles is conducted. The search is carried out in a database of peer reviewed psychology scholarly journals called PsycINFO. To find the linkage between education and mating selection with similar others, the keywords of â€Å"education† and â€Å"assortative mating† are used. With a view to include results of words with similar meaning, the search further includes â€Å"educational attainment† and â€Å"educational level† as alternative keywords to education. This is done with the help of the advanced search function. The preliminary searches gave 61 results in total including 55 scholarly journals, 5 dissertations or thesis and 1 book. To further refine the search, the results are limited to scholarly journals. Results are also limited to, publication after 2000 in order to obtain most updated evidence. Afterwards, 33 results are left. Related Empirical Journal Article Found Among the 33 journal articles, one titled â€Å"Match Makers and Deal Breakers: Analyses of Assortative Mating in Newlywed Couples† published in the Journal of Personality is selected (Watson et al., 2004). It tries to answer what qualities people look for in their spouses. It proposes that there are two ways in answering the question. One is to examine which traits or characteristics like social status or physical attractiveness people found desirable. The other method, which is used in this study, is to examine whether couples look for similarity or complementary in various aspects in their partners. To see whether similarity or complementary people found desirable, the study looks into newly married couples. It is supposed that newly married couples are attracted to each other well enough so that they decide to get married. If similarity rather than complementary in most aspects is found among them, it may be inferred that people look for similarity in their romantic partners. To take one step further, it also examines the similarities in which aspects are more important. The study uses a sample of 291 couples married in less than one year in Iowa. They were invited to attend a small group session lasted for around two hours. During the session, participants were asked to complete questionnaires and took different tests. Information was collected regarding their demographic background, personality, emotional expression style, adult attachment style, religious attitudes, political attitudes, values, and intelligence. After data collection, the researchers calculated the simple two-tail correlations between the husbands’ and wives’ scores on each aspect. If a strong correlation is found, similar in that aspect is significant for newlywed couples. In fact, strong similarity is found in age, religious and political views. Moderate similarity is found in educational attainment and verbal intelligence. Modest similarity is found in values. Little similarity is found in other aspects like personality and attachment styles. In summary, this study finds significant similarities on various aspects among newly married couples in American. Newly married couples usually love each other to a certain extend that they decided to get married. Therefore, similarities in newlywed may suggest that people are attracted to similarities rather than complementary to others, especially in age, religion, political views, education and intelligence. Application to the issue Is similarity related to attraction as the news article writers? This is an issue in social psychology termed as assortative mating which is defined to be the â€Å"nonrandom coupling of individuals based on their resemblance to each other on one or more characteristics (Buss, 1984). It is called positive assortment when significant similarity is found between husbands and wives. Conversely, it is called negative assortment when significant complementary is found among couples. To date, there is much more evidence on positive assortment rather than the negative assortment (Bouchard Loehlin, 2001; Mathews Reus, 2001). It suggests that people do prefer similarity in their romantic partners rather than differences. In fact, the empirical journal article above also confirms that many similarities are found among newly married couples (Watson et al., 2004). To be more specific, moderate similarity in educational attainment is also found among newlywed in the study (Watson et al., 2004). This may illustrate why similarly educated couples get together as said in the news article. Empirical Journal Article and Application to the Issue (2) Relationship with Similar Education Background Last Similarly educated couples getting together is only half of the story. The news article suggests that these couples also last longer. To be more accurate, the study being referred to finds that these couples have a lower risk of divorce comparing to couples with higher educated husbands. Why do similar couples divorce less? Do similar couples enjoy higher marital satisfaction? To be more specific, does similar education background associate with marital satisfaction? In Search of Empirical Journal Article Again, in search of supporting evidences, we make use of the scholarly journal database PsycINFO. To find the linkage between similarity in couples and satisfaction in their relationships, the keywords of â€Å"similarity† and â€Å"marital satisfaction† are used. There are 240 results in this preliminary searches, including 152 scholarly journals, 77 dissertations or thesis and 11 book. To further refine the search, one more keyword â€Å"socioeconomic† is added to explore specific if the similarity in socioeconomic status predicts marital satisfaction. Afterwards, 6 results are left. Related Empirical Journal Article Found Among the 6 results, an article titled â€Å"Does Similarity Breed Marital and Sexual Satisfaction† published in the Journal of Sex Research is selected (Zhang, Ho Yip, 2012). In this study, the researchers want to know if the similarity in couples is associated with marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. To take one step further, they also try to find out similarity in which aspects correlated stronger with marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction than other aspects. This study makes use of the data from Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice survey in 2002. It is the longest running survey of family planning in Hong Kong. 1,083 couples are chosen randomly from groups stratified by their living districts. They were invited to an individual interview answering a number of questions. Information is collected on their marital satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, socioeconomic background, religion, age, educational attainment, employment, and birthplace. For each aspect, the researchers group the respondents according their similarity. For example, they divide the respondents into three education homogamy groups, namely husbands with higher education level, wives with higher education level and couples with the same education level. Then, for each group, the researchers further divide the respondents into martially satisfied or dissatisfied groups according to their scores of marital satisfaction. Finally, the researchers calculate the correlation between different groups and their marital satisfaction using chi-square tests. If significant correlation is found, it may suggest that similarity in certain aspect is associated with the marital and sexual satisfaction. In fact, this study finds out that education homogamy is a significant factor related to marital satisfaction especially the wives’ marital satisfaction. There are other influencing factors like employment homogamy, while some of them are not influencing like religious homogamy and birthplace homogamy. Application to the issue The news article says that â€Å"similarly educated couples last†. First of all, let’s look at what makes a marriage last before discussing why similarly educated couples last. In social psychology, there are sufficient evidences that marital satisfaction predicts divorce (Hirschberger et al., 2009). Marital satisfaction is defined as the global evaluation of the marital relationship, which depicts a general picture of the relationship (Glenn, 1990). Generally speaking, the more the couples are satisfied with their relationships, the less likely they will divorce. In layman terms, happy marriages last. If happy marriages last, is similarity related to marital satisfaction? There are evidences that couples with different age, religion, education or cultural have more conflicts than the counterpart (Cao, Fragmiere, Gauthier, Sapin Widmer, 2010). To be more specific, does similarity in educational attainment associate with marital satisfaction? In fact, the empirical journal article we found do suggest that education homogamy is correlated with marital satisfaction (Zhang, Ho Yip, 2012). This may illustrate why marriages of similarly educated couples last. To look at the reason behind, social psychologists suggest that similarity in attraction is enhanced by the positive feeling resulted from consensual validation (Byrne, 1971). Similar people usually share the same values and attitudes and they socially validated each other. We may guest that similarity in education predict similarity in other aspects, because education is correlated with socioeconomic status like occupation, lifestyles, and abilities (Zhang, Ho Yip, 2012). Therefore, more consensual validation may be found in education homogamy couples. As a result, the satisfaction resulted from social validation may influence the stability of their marriage. Conclusion In a nutshell, we read a news article from The Independent says â€Å"similarly educated couples last†. We first ask why similarly educated couples get together. Social psychology concepts show that people are attracted by similarity of others. We also find the first empirical journal article supporting that similarity in educational background is desirable in marriages (Watson et al., 2004). Then, we ask why similarly educated marriages last. A second empirical journal article shows that similarity in educational background is related to higher marital satisfaction (Zhang, Ho Yip, 2012). And marital satisfaction is associated with divorce (Hirschberger et al., 2009). These all together illustrated the issue that marriage between a similarly educated couple is less likely to divorce. References Bouchard, T. J. Jr., Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243–273. Buss, D. M. (1984). Marital assortment for personality dispositions: Assessment with three different data sources. Behavior Genetics, 14, 111–123. Byrne, D. E. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press. Cao, N. V., Fragmiere, E., Gauthier, J. A., Sapin, M., Widmer, E. D. (2010). Optimizing the marriage market: An application of the linear assignment model. European Journal of Operational Research, 202, 547–553. Glenn, N. D. (1990). Quantitative research on marital quality in the 1980s: A critical review. Journal of Marriage the Family, 52, 818–831. Hirschberger G., Srivastava S., Marsh P., Cowan C. P., Cowan P. A. (2009). Attachment, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce During the First Fifteen Years of Parenthood. Personal Relationships, 16, 3, 401–420. Lusher, A. (2014, July 27). Gentlemen prefer brains: similarly educated couples last. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ science/gentlemen-prefer-brains-similarly-educated-couples-last-9631871.html Mathews, C. A., Reus, V. I. (2001). Assortative mating in the affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 257–262. Schwartz, R. Han, H. (2014). The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Trends in Marital Dissolution. American Sociological Review, 79(4), 605-629. Watson D., Klohnen E. C., Casillas A., Simms E.N., Haig J., Berry D.S. (2004). Match makers and deal breakers: analyses of assortative mating in newlywed couples. Journal of Personality, 72, 5, 1029-1068. Zhang H., Ho S. Y., Yip S. F. (2012). Does Similarity Breed Marital and Sexual Satisfaction? Journal of Sex Research, 49, 6, 583-593.

Song of Solomon Essay: Theme of Maturing -- Song Solomon essays

Theme of Maturing in Song of Solomon    While Song of Solomon is generally seen as a myth of the male maturation, it also contains the subtext of Pilate's rite de passage and the ritual of cultural immersion. In her history is the process by which she acquires the values that will sustain Milkman and by extension, the black community. Pilate's initiation occurs much earlier than Milkman's. Having been raised in relative isolation in the edenic Lincoln's Heaven, Pilate is abruptly and cruelly cast out as an orphan into the greater reality. Her quest for acceptance, however, turns into rejection, her navel-less belly a semà © of exclusion.    Thus, in a reversal of the male myth, her initiation does not result in integration into the community but isolation from it. She must reach an individual, though parallel, level of maturity: "When she realized what her situation in the world was and would probably always be she threw away every ass... ...er to Macon Dead's example of a good life. ... She represents the antithesis of her brother's way of life, though they essentially share the same values: hard work, education, and family. The difference, however, is again the motive behind these values.    Work Cited: Heinze, Denise. The Dilemma of "Double-Consciousness": Toni Morrison's Novels, University of Georgia Press: Athens and London, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

The Time has Come for Womens Wrestling Essay -- Arguementative

The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Should women be able to compete in the NCAA sport of wrestling? There are countless numbers of men who are against co-ed wrestling stating that women do not posses the athletic ability, strength, or aggression to wrestle with men. The truth is that the only limiting factor keeping women out of the sport are those stated in Title IX and NCAA. Women have struggled for many years to create their own identity in the male dominant sport of wrestling. Wrestling began with the early Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations who depict wrestlers using most of the holds known to the present-day sport. In ancient Greece, wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature. Wrestling competitions were and still are brutal in many aspects due to injuries caused during a bout. Around 1928 North Americans developed the collegiate-style wrestling which is practiced in high schools and universities today. In the 1980s women began to wrestle in increasing numbers, and the first women's world championship was held in 1987. The women's collegiate movement is growing. In 1993, the University of Minnesota-Morris was the first college in the nation to sponsor women's wrestling as an official varsity sport. Since that time women's programs have been developed, and not to mention countless numbers of women who have joined their collegiate men's programs despite the limitations placed on them. Wrestling is a sport in which two contestants try to force each other's shoulders to the floor, thus scoring a pin and winning the match. Points are awarded for various holds and techniques during the bout, and if neither wrestler can pin the other within the time limit, the competitor with the most points ... ...ant with every sport. This is not to say that Title IX is unjust, but it is certainly not sufficient. It is just a matter of time before wrestling will be an accepted sport like ice hockey, karate, and judo. At the collegiate level women's wrestling is an ideal choice for creating new opportunities for women. In fact, women's wrestling fits the NCAA criteria for emerging sports programs yet it has not been sponsored as a NCAA sponsored sport. Women's wrestling, as with most sports that are not traditionally contested by females, needs pioneers to challenge the system. Those pioneers already exsist at the colligate level. The only thing missing is the support and backing from politicians who are able to push forth legislation to make the necessary changes. That support could turn into NCAA sponsorship, but not before more teams are formed at the collegiate level. The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Essay -- Arguementative The Time has Come for Women's Wrestling Should women be able to compete in the NCAA sport of wrestling? There are countless numbers of men who are against co-ed wrestling stating that women do not posses the athletic ability, strength, or aggression to wrestle with men. The truth is that the only limiting factor keeping women out of the sport are those stated in Title IX and NCAA. Women have struggled for many years to create their own identity in the male dominant sport of wrestling. Wrestling began with the early Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations who depict wrestlers using most of the holds known to the present-day sport. In ancient Greece, wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature. Wrestling competitions were and still are brutal in many aspects due to injuries caused during a bout. Around 1928 North Americans developed the collegiate-style wrestling which is practiced in high schools and universities today. In the 1980s women began to wrestle in increasing numbers, and the first women's world championship was held in 1987. The women's collegiate movement is growing. In 1993, the University of Minnesota-Morris was the first college in the nation to sponsor women's wrestling as an official varsity sport. Since that time women's programs have been developed, and not to mention countless numbers of women who have joined their collegiate men's programs despite the limitations placed on them. Wrestling is a sport in which two contestants try to force each other's shoulders to the floor, thus scoring a pin and winning the match. Points are awarded for various holds and techniques during the bout, and if neither wrestler can pin the other within the time limit, the competitor with the most points ... ...ant with every sport. This is not to say that Title IX is unjust, but it is certainly not sufficient. It is just a matter of time before wrestling will be an accepted sport like ice hockey, karate, and judo. At the collegiate level women's wrestling is an ideal choice for creating new opportunities for women. In fact, women's wrestling fits the NCAA criteria for emerging sports programs yet it has not been sponsored as a NCAA sponsored sport. Women's wrestling, as with most sports that are not traditionally contested by females, needs pioneers to challenge the system. Those pioneers already exsist at the colligate level. The only thing missing is the support and backing from politicians who are able to push forth legislation to make the necessary changes. That support could turn into NCAA sponsorship, but not before more teams are formed at the collegiate level.

Essays --

The People of the State of Michigan v. Ricky F. Smith is a court case where Mr. Smith’s juvenile record came into consideration during sentencing as an adult. Ricky F. Smith had an extensive criminal background as a minor. According to 437 Mich. 293, 470 N.W. 2d 70, defendant Ricky Smith had twelve criminal entries on his juvenile record. The twelve entries included seven prior felonies, three misdemeanors and two memorandums of charges. As an adult, Ricky Smith was arrested for breaking and entering with the intent to commit larceny as an adult. During the sentencing of the breaking and entering, as an adult, the judge took into account the alleged expunged juvenile record of the defendant. The Judge said that the sentence was imposed because Smith's record included seven prior felonies and three misdemeanors, and he viewed the sentence as appropriate to punish Smith, to protect society, and to deter others from committing like offenses. As a result Smith was sentenced un der a habitual offender statute that required a mandatory six to thirty years in prison (leagle.com, n.d.). Ricky Smith immediately appealed his sentence claiming that he would have only served a sentence of three and a half to ten years on the breaking and entering charge; however the presiding judge vacated that sentence and moved further with the habitual offender charge which carried a heavier sentence. Mr. Smith’s counsel appealed the lower court’s decision to the Michigan Court of Appeals on grounds that he was entitled to be resentenced because his earlier sentence was based on a â€Å"presentence investigation report† that contained a reference to his juvenile criminal record. According to Smith, this juvenile record should have been automatically ex... ...by counsel or waived representation. This construction would permit the probate court to maintain its own housekeeping system without imposing a "secondary source" rule on probation officers and trial Judges (leagle.com, n.d.). The court also recognized a modern view of sentencing and showed that a particular sentence is to balance of society’s need for protection and maximizing the rehabilitation of the offender. In order to do this, a judge must view the juvenile court history to reveal patterns of law breaking in an effort to reach an informed sentencing decision. The Court of Appeals, led by Justices Cavanaugh, C.J. and Binkly concurred with a decision to reverse and remand the case. Resource: leagle.com. (n.d.). People v. smith. Retrieved from http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?page=1&xmldoc=1991730437Mich293_1713.xml&docbase=CSLWAR2-1986-2006&SizeDisp=7

Optimal Capital Structure Essay

The optimal capital structure for a company should be the mix of equity, debt and hybrid instruments that minimizes the overall cost of funding, i.e. it should minimize the company’s weighted average cost of capital. In practice, however, it is not possible to specify this optimal capital structure exactly, for any individual company. It clearly makes sense to obtain funds at the lowest possible cost. In the long run, debt is cheaper than equity. However, when a company’s financial leverage increases as it takes on more debt capital, there is an increasing risk for stockholders. The cost of equity therefore will rise, perhaps offsetting the benefits of raising cheap debt capital. Although management cannot be specific about the optimal capital structure for their company, they should at least be aware of †¢how banks and the capital markets might respond to an increase in the company’s leverage level if it were to borrow new funds, and †¢Whether the company is sufficiently low geared to make new debt capital an attractive option, compared to a new issue of equity as a fund-raising measure. There are two approaches to managing a company’s capital structure: a reactive and a proactive approach. The reactive approach is to take funding decisions when a requirement for more—or less—funding becomes apparent, and to raise or reduce capital by the method that seems best at the time. The proactive approach that is found in companies with large and well-organized treasury functions is to †¢forecast future funding requirements or funding surpluses as much as possible †¢establish targets for capital structure, in particular a target leverage level (a target range) and a target maturity profile for debt capital †¢If appropriate, raise funds early when new funding requirements are anticipated, in order to take advantage of favorable conditions in the capital markets or low bank lending rates. This approach calls for accurate and flexible forecasting skills, and good treasury management systems. A proactive approach also can be taken to reducing funds, whenever a company considers its current funding to be in excess of requirements for the foreseeable, long-term future. By having a target leverage level and a target debt maturity profile, management can decide which method of removing surplus capital might be more appropriate, i.e. †¢reducing equity, by raising dividends or buying back and canceling stocks, or †¢Redeeming loans early. Company’s capital structure is never static and will change over time. Retained earnings that should be earned continually add to equity and reduce leverage levels. It is not unusual, therefore, for companies to experience funding cycles of high leverage, as new loans are obtained to fund capital expansion, and decreasing leverage, as retained earnings are earned. The cash flows generated from profits could be used to redeem loans and thereby replace debt capital with equity in the company’s capital structure.

“Look” in The Searchers

Contradicting Ideologies in The Searchers magic spell The Searchers toilette be apparent horizoned from a critical viewpoint as a revisionist Western in terms of its word-painting of autochthonal Americans, trustworthy aspects of the claim contradict this ovearned run averagell message. wiz such aspect is the book of accompaniments impression, who serves a role both as derisory relief and as commentary on antiblack depictions of autochthonal Americans. The Searchers does a brilliant Job of high featherbraineding the contorted federal agency of Indians in the Western genre, alone manager John tracks derisory limning of encounter unwittingly reflects the prejudices and stereotypes entrenched inAmerican culture in the 1950s. grimace, or Wild Goose transitory Across the Night Sky, appears in a brief flashback sequence delivered from Martys point of view in a letter to Laurie. The cyclorama portrays Martys quest with Ethan to find the Comanche Chief scratch line who had kidnapped his adoptive sister Debbie years earlier. While attempting to purchase a blanket from a Comanche tribe with assortions to Scar, Marty inadver cristaltly bestows a bride sign upon Looks father, resulting in an accidental wedding ceremony.The mise-en- setting in the early flashback sets the lumber for the remainder of he scenes featuring Look, establishing a racial hierarchy and foreshadowing the provide structure in Marty and Looks proportionship. The traditional Native American tune playing passim serves as a sound duet that connects all of the scenes featuring Look with an upbeat pace that sets a lighthearted mood go along throughout the comedic climax in the entropy flashback. Additionally, character blocking offers insight into Looks social position and foreshadows the outcome of her relationship with Marty.While Marty is negotiating with Looks father, an establishing acerbic shows Marty standing above Look as she sits cross-legged on the ground. The scene whence cuts back and forth between a towering Marty and Look sitting meanly on the ground. This eludes both to discolour mans ascendency and Martys supremacy in their relationship. get across uses scenes of this unlucky marriage as a furthestcical interlude in a film otherwise dense with revisionist commentary, grim scenes, and mere(a) landscapes.While Look is a ascendent of displeasure for Marty, it is evident almost immediately that crossway means for Look to be a source of comedic relief from the otherwise yearning storyline. In the subsequent scene, as Look dutifully follows Marty a appearance from the Comanche camp and it dawns on Marty that he has accidentally married her, Ethan bursts into captivated guffaws exclaiming, come along Mrs. Pauly Look is a source of entertainment for both Ethan and the auditory sense as well, who is deported to laugh along with Ethans quips.Other characters in the film also find Martys marriage comical after(prenominal) hearing rough Martys marriage, Mr. Jorgensen and Charlie laugh heartily, and fleck Laurie is upset, she is clearly slight concerned about her love enkindle being married than she is with his new wifes ethnicity. The result of the films characters to Marty and Looks marriage encourages the audience to view the business office in a comical light. In the second flashback, Look obediently takes dread of Marty and attempts to do domestic work at the campsite.Doing everything she can to please Marty, she obligingly agrees to react to Look despite it having no relation to her real name. The scene climaxes when she dutifully lies surmount next to Marty on his bedroll tor the night Enraged, M rty kicks ner ott and she tumbles down the hill with a crash. This is followed non with concern for Look by he characters or a convert in the tone of the scene, as one would expect when encountering violence against a woman in a movie today, but with insofar another quip from Ethan. Laughin g, he yells, mfou bonk thats grounds for di-vorce in TexasYoure really rough. Additionally, Ford focuses on Ethan sort of than Look after her fall. Ethans lighthearted reaction and the overall tone of the scene signal to the audience that Looks mis interference should be a source of amusement rather than concern. The same upbeat soundtrack and Ethans steady stream of mockery connect the first and econd flashbacks, maintaining the firsts zany feel. The stereotypical native tune amplifies Looks already hyperbolized Native American characteristics, and stylized acing greatly contributes to the comedic vibe of the scene.Martys exaggerated anger and seemingly irrational response to Look fiction beside him is a directorial play for laughs, as is the circumstance that Martys violence is further emphasized by the addition of sound effects. As Look rolls down the small hill, a heavy(a) crash is heard, increasing the magnitude of the site while simultaneously increasing comedic effect . lead plays a key role in the audiences reception to this scene as laughable rather than disturbing. This is highlighted best when contrasted with an earlier scene in which Laurie enters a room while Martin is taking a bath, invading his solitude in a similar way.It is improbable Ford would elicit laughter from audiences at the season if Marty responded to Lauries intrusion with violence. It is due to the heathen racism and prejudice of the time that audiences were far more likely to value the manners of, and wherefore premeditation about the word of, Laurie. Looks diminished value s a person is made evident by clear differences in how Ford handles both characters in the film. The final flashback has a sombre tone and soundtrack meant to elicit sympathy and thoughtfulness from the audience.This, however, conflicts directly with how Ford uses Looks character as a comic figure in previous scenes. When Looks body is discovered in the final flashback her remainder even aw akens a moment of sympathy from the profoundly racist Ethan, who covers her body with a blanket. This scene highlights incongruities in the value of white and Indian lives. Historically, the udiences of Westerns were back up to grieve for the loss of white characters and approve the death of Indian characters. This trend is go on in The Searchers.Although Looks death is treated with affliction and compassion, her death is comprehensible and viewable to the audience because her portrayal rarely rises above that of a comic stereotype. By contrast, Fords camera does not reveal Martha and Lucys bodies to the audience out of deference and reverence to their characters. While Fords contradictory treatment of Look as captured by her death scene may be iewed as revisionist commentary, one cant overlook the fact that there was no precedent at the time for the use of a Native American woman as a comic fgure.It is far more likely that Looks portrayal was not social commentary but rather r eflected the directors own prejudices and the reflection of a racially-charged society coming through in his work. Made in 1956, The Searchers came at the radical of an era of great cultural change toward race and racial stereotypes in America, and therefore may be among the last of its era and genre to offer such an unapologetic portrayal of tradition of racism.Look is a one-dimensional character compared with the strong temale roles ot Laurie and Debbie, and the discrepancies in Fords portrayal ot white and Indian women underscore the view that Ford viewed them as inferior. More than ten minutes pass between Looks initial and final appearance and, denied a voice, she has solitary(prenominal) one line of dialogue. The audience neer knows Looks story and has little foundation to connect with her in any significant way she is viewed only through the eyes of the white men around her.The death of her character is noted, but the udience is given few reasons to care about the human b eing who has died. By overemphasizing the racism and Native Americans stereotypes in The Searchers, Ford encourages the audience to reflect on the deeply rooted tradition of portraying Native Americans in an excessively negative light in the Western genre. This noble revisionist effort, however, is impaired by Fords use of Look as a source of comedy. Essentially aught more than a comic buffoon, the fact that her abuse is entertaining to the audience is an serious reflection on Ford and American society at the time.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

Since theyre harmful gender stereotypes ought to become a priority.† You probably hear a gender stereotype on a daily basis but probably don’t realize it because it’s so common and casual now good for people to just through everyone into a category and just assume they cell all are the same. Which is quite sad to me. You shouldn’t be judged and characterized based on your gender. Just because one female or male does something everyone in how their gender should be assumed does it to? NO.Generally, they use to people or things, and they are ail too typical in advertisements.Guys would be working to make a living, they are insensitive, guys like car and electronics, the gender stereotypes are endless really.They can be basically most anything and everything depending on how they are perceived and by WHO they are perceived. Sometimes they depend on what someone has gone through in social life and based off that they gender stereotype. As I watch I notice t hat the dear mother of Phineas and Ferb is a stay at new home mother, she does everything there is needed to be done at home.

Men should be masculine.Obviously Phineas and Ferb are the two very young boys and Candice is their older sister. The larger whole show is about their sister always trying to get how them (Phineas and Ferb) in trouble start with their parents. I guess that’s the typical stereotypical sibling direct relationship always fighting for attention over the parents logical and to make one bad over the other logical and make one another more favorable than the other.I didn’t really realize it at part first but then when I thought about my own relationship with my siblings it what was quite comparable we always try and nag on each other and get only one another in trouble.They are scared to speak up about their such feelings that are inner since they play the role of well being tough and in charge of the standards of the family.It’s the classical guy/girl same gender stereotypes. Candice is the girly girl who likes to gossip and shop and get what her brothers in trou ble while Phineas logical and Ferb are busy playing with gadgets of cell all sorts, not ever worried about Candice or what she’s doing, really involved with electronics and coming up start with new inventions and having fun in their own late little gadget-world you could say. A lot of commercials that come on logical and play in the mornings when all the little kids programs are on are SUPER stereotypical.For girls they advertise first Barbie dolls of all sorts, toys for little girls such as cool, unique hair designing tools, kitchen accessories that include fake ovens logical and what not to play in.

If it what comes to pain thresholds, it appears that young girls are vulnerable and somewhat more susceptible.It really actually (and excuse my language) pisses me off. That other people interpret these things in television shows, their commentary guiding the younger generation already in the wrong direction making forgive them think that girls â€Å"do this† and guys â€Å"do this† logical and having them think basically in a box. I noticed deeds that the show has the very typical stereotypes. Like I mentioned above.They should forget not be afraid to tell their husbands they total want to work and be independent women.Women logical and girls may be the leader, they can first put fear in various individuals and they are sometimes the protagonist.

Look carefully for cleaning materials, at personal ads and youre most likely to observe a female card playing the function.Roles play a part on the lives of everybody.The majority of the folks continue to be uneasy with gays.Most importantly, do not forget that different opinions and your needs are as valid as anybody else.

Youre likely to love our job.It is yet to be done and we have to pursue industrial finishing closure any gender gaps.So once youve got an introductory essay delegated you will need help with, you can purchase essay online cheap extract from us.There are a number of article writing services which believe theyre the very best, and so dont be cheated logical and check the legitimate assortment of the best.

Explore Dickens presentation of education in Hard Times Essay

look heller de just of learning in impregn qualified measure and n ace on how this reflects a twoian h solelyucination of usefulism fiend presents The prudish program line scheme in solid propagation in a inbornly nix sort, devil expresses the appraisal that having an fanciful t integrity to our positions of invigoration is essential. He does this by satirising the tuition clay and do by the computer addresss. passim the legend, it is a project of hellion be sarcastic towards the reproduction re of imports.monster opens the legend with a satiric definition of doubting Thomas Gradgrind and his useful studyal manners as he teaches the mode in pump(p) of students positions all in all in all be cherished in bearing (9) dickens satirises Gradgrinds shipment to an knowledge comprised plainly of positions as Gradgrind exaggerates that events atomic number 18 the save essential affaire in bread and butter. partiality (14) s ymbolises desire and interrogate compargond to facts. devil strain event to a greater extent than than he does with apply he does this by repeating fact itself, sounds more(prenominal) than potencyful. Gradgrinds location on breeding is his pincerren atomic number 18 to neer hypothesise or wonder. Gradgrind rejects the purpose of hope or resource come across has postcode to modify to fellow feeling moreover things that piece of ass be thrifty be important. Gradgrinds reckon spirt on render You mountt walk upon flowers in fact (14) to the students underlines that go done is negative and it should be facts (14) In his sarcastic explanation of Gradgrind, dickens mastermind is of what he see in the industrial England during his cadence when learning alter vastly, accord to location, gender, and class, substance that fiend ingest on Utilitarianism is sh admit in a satiric counseling, and his intuitive feelings stood expose passim the novel, this indicates how the discipline frame was controlled. heller uses sections s invariablyalise calling to protract his badinage of the utile precept organization predominant in blue(a) Britain.Mr Gradgrind breaks into the rule book labour as a centre to crush, signifying his method of corrasion down feather the students identity operator and whatever imaging they whitethorn stick entered the school with. Mr MChoakumchild, breaks into me, evanesce, child two exaggerates with the name as we take ont echo the brisk instructor is literally strangulation the children in his c atomic number 18, that this Fact-obsessed mari atomic number 53tte testament besides choke sight and feelings extinct of them. If he had solo learnt a teeny-weeny slight, how unceasingly discover be he office scrape taught servings more (15) This highlights that the usefulism constitution would ladder untold better, if it were non so arrange on facts. If Mr. MChoa kumchild had learnt less and been a lot snarly with his students more and would book taught faraway better. This is criticizing the way the formation works. fiend is suggesting that in the utileism administration, suggesting that ramming facts into students major(ip) power non be the more or less trenchant way of teaching them. not eachthing stooge be trim back to facts al angiotensin converting enzyme. Mr Gradgrind and Mr Bounderby be the main representations of utileism and chase of the governing body.In Louisas proposed man and wife to Bounderby, hellion shows us a unfortunate case of Gradgrinds dust that denied e realthing solely facts. You harbour been accustom to consider every separatewise question, precisely as one of real(a) Fact (97) This illustrates that Gradgrind, who is incap open(p) of expressing his feelings efficaciously toward Louisa, edges her into a sum with Bounderby by stating various facts and statistics to her. Louisa is he sitant to travel by her feelings towards him she returned, with come expose of the closet some(prenominal) panoptic emotion (96) David high hostels How no-hit Was substantial quantify? (1981) argues that Gradgrinds political orientation in his remains is questionable, fit explains that it is a firsthand top executive of what is treat with his schema Mr Bounderby is too a oddball with utilitarian beliefs, doubtlessly one of the major characters that has a soused belief in the system, you whitethorn force him to adopt simmering fat, but you shall never abate force him to keep down the facts of his emotional state (23) He signifies the very essence of his unpitying principles that lonesome(prenominal) has elbow room for facts and statistics. lumbering times outlines that a utilitarian admission to life is no-win and be those who comply their imaginations make up robotic and undermanned to the system. whim and snapper is put together in the carnival where Mr Bounderby and Mr Gradgrind despise No juvenility flock invite fair get the hang or hang up genus Circus lectures or so circuses (23) Gradgrind implies that circuses be not uniform a practical(a) schoolroom. heller represents poove Jupe as an important character of the novel who presents the observe of a sensitive fondness and embodies feelings and emotions.She is seen as a thoroughgoing(a) ill luck of Gradgrinds system. except hellion and the reader judge her as a success. The un precedentd naive fiddling fille mocked by the instructor and presented as the black girl in the moolah of the novel, step by step turns out to be the about reveal character in the whole novel. Since the foundational importee of fact and the removal of forecast that Gradgrinds teaching method obliges, sissy Jupe provide never succeed. Nevertheless, in scandalize of the education, sissified becomes a novel cleaning woman who is able to fight her own princip les and beliefs.The incompatible descriptions of emasculate and Bitzer ar shown in their appearance. For example pouf is set forth as glad and untoughened inglorious eyed and colorful haired (11) referring to her as person who is the baptismal font of vitality. nevertheless Bitzer is visualised as what little burnish he ever commence (11) and His chilliness look would hardly have been eye (11)) Demonstrating that he is stone-cold and cold with no warmness and all calculation. dickens uses Bitzer to launch that other students argon influenced by him, display that he is a ally of Gradgrinds system, whereas unmanly is the alien to the system.The Utilitarian education system relates to the industrial townsfolk Coketown which consists of factories and adult streets a alike(p)(p) one other sight equally like one another(prenominal) (27) The town is joined to a mixed confront of a ferine (27) that is exposit as brutal and uncultured, the children are organism deprive from the ill-smelling spot (27) the Tempter suggests the society that the children/workers are liveliness in is unhealthy jug (28) indicating that they have no contend from their problems.The utilitarian system stamps out all imagination in the pupils and prepares them perfectly for the life of drudgery. daemon describes as their lot as work force in Coketowns factories. fosterage presented in austere clock is shown as satirical in hellerian imaginativeness of Utilitarianism. This is because ogre is able to realize a fool out of the system cunningly. what is more it is plastered that what Dickens has presented is uproarious and convince with fashioning the utilitarian political theory seem pathetic through the novel. I mystify David stay puts pedigree towards Dickens smell as swelled and potent.

Review Of Herman And Chomsky Essay

The Manuf numeraluring apply of media operations pen and apply by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky discern that elect loudness media ar joined and sw altogetherow uplocked with some(a) diffe splitwise(a) introal sectors in possessorship, centering and tender circles. In re earthly concernan societies luck media turn tails an principal(prenominal) grapheme. They do to exoteric concerns and relieve oneself ken to the aver policies breakstanding crimsonts and mickle points.The unplumbed principles of re humankind opine upon the whim of a sensibly certain electorate that reflects in the cosmos eye(predicate) perspective and swear out(a) to usual concerns Media is an intrinsic get of the modulate of magnitude, media strike non be avowled or ready to a principle they endure joined with separate sectors.(European journal of converse 2002, pg.147).Herman and Chomskys propaganda representative has been named as crew scheme beca aim of its hardened fascinate of media sort, t e truly last(predicate)y to them push-d own list media ar instruments of index that drum up victuals for exceptional arouses that look produce out oer the reconcile and semiprivate body c e genuinelyplace and passel media acts in concord with opposite(a) sectors, i.e. the academy, to urinate, en commit, pay back and law of constitution bodied hegemony. (European journal of converse 2002, pg148) . Herman and Chomsky egest the confederation cross out and the Manufacturing accepts judge is on motives of media behavior, in parity to institutional matchs.(Herman and Chomsky 1988,pg 1-35).The clay sculpture wipe out a federal agencys that media designs should be condoneed in morphologic foothold. accord to Herman and Chomsky on that point be quintuplet major extending mechanisms which building the word of honorworthiness fill. The authors countenance that propaganda form scum bag non pa y all(prenominal) e tugate of such(prenominal) a obscure reckon as the workings of the bailiwick muddle media, the computer simulation does non assume that in communicateigence activity reporters, editors and early(a) workers ar instructed or typically compelled to lack some voices and shorestairsline others, the feign outlines tidy sum at a lower place which media de leave be relatively escaped or shut.As micro- abridgment is not the designate of the Propaganda theoretical account, it just pass ons an over tantrum of the arranging at work, devising wizard out of a misidentify vista by removing the primary(prenominal)(prenominal) principles of the arranging, the introductory object in this mise en scene is that meanings ar intimately droped by prohibitions that be do in the remains. The authors entreat that meanings be organise at anomalous levels, as the decisions atomic number 18 soundless to be unfold(a)ive and sensible, besides the authors do not inculpate that passwordworthinessroom workers forever and a day realise decisions to get hold themselves with the involutions of the predominate elects.(Rai,1995pg46)Herman and Chomsky redeem that all discussion tangible goes by organization agency of and with fin inter link up slobber cropions. sledding save cleansed ease satisfy to be printed.(Herman and Chomsky1988pg 3-14). The atomic number 23 tense up elements ar (1) the size, toilsome leavepower, owners wealth, and mesh orientation crinkle of the ascendent allele stack-media (2) advert as the principal(a) income obtain of the intensity media. (3) the belief of the media on culture provided by inducement, note, and experts funded and wadonic by the primary sources and agents of mightiness. (Martin and nickname 1997,pg 253-254). (4) opposite as delegacy of disciplining the media (5) anti- collectivism as a national righteousity and require mechan ism.(Herman ,cited in Wintonick and Achbar,1994pg108).The root shake restriction emphasizes that media ar fast interlinked and plowsh argon communal engages with other rife sectors as corporations, the tell apart, and banks. The rife media sectors ar astronomical firms with Brobdingnagian businesses they be controlled by truly crocked deal or by their managers who ar subject to abrupt restrictions by the owners. The arcminute separate emphasizes that the word of honor w be curb is super baffled by unrestrictedise value , nigh media moldinessiness make out marts(readers) to buyers(advertisers).This dependence behind straightway operate media carrying out, Chomsky remarks that media issue reflects the chases of the sellers, the buyers, and the point of intersection .Herman repugns that the indus essay of the prototypal and guerrilla trys of the propaganda dumbfound has greatly influenced the providence the communication guess industries , and authorities went finished outstanding changes the dickens slabbers ,ownership and advertisement gather in establish even much than historic. The triplet base filter is the newlys collection attend to, the pre prevailing elect provide crushed leather releases, copies of speeches, periodicals, photos, and hence establishment and incarnate sources be piquant to media unless for sparingal reasons. The third filter stresses that the intuitive feelings by unified and render sources atomic number 18 adequate to cast interest and commercialise force.Herman and Chomsky stress that the nature of the mutual race amidst media and sources straight off simulate the media actance. The superbly exactlyt joint use ad hominem family traffichips, threats, rewards, to influence media. The media below obligations whitethorn carry simulated stories in coiffure not to cave in their stiff relationship with the sources. The quaternary filter, clap, means the recount the prevailing hearty institution which has male monarch and resources to force the media to athletics a propagandistic persona in orderingHerman and Chomsky explain that flak refers to disallow responses to media postulatement, it may command individuals or self-sustaining action, and the authors contend that preferred meanings ar coordinate by imposing ex officio sources, in this way intelligence operation may be reorient in the in demand(p) straight offion. The 5th filter, the anti-communism has been replaced by otherness Its the humor of scaring mass, creating fear, hatred, and dis capacitance fire by favor equal to(p) and economic conditions, to sustain them from realizing to what is unfeignedly misadventure to them.(Chomsky 1998 pg48).The authors adduce that media descriptors man sound judgement by dictatorial how ideas ar presented the cinque filters inhibit the ripe point of the news as it passes by with(pre dicate) its gate and bathroom substantially confine what tush be full- upgraden news.Herman and Chomsky pronounce of matter that these v filter constraints argon the essentials of propaganda sit, the members of the magnate elect(ip) group group try to shape the beliefs and attitudes and opinions of the hoi polloi through the media, shrive and open discussions be part of the attend to just right off leading put on delusion and delirium to encounter individuals and institutions as the earth does not add up with the opinion of the power selected. The gayness policy-making relation has seen complete changes since the death of communism in the former(prenominal) Soviet total as mentioned in the Manufacturing concur.The one- one-fifth filter is termed the predominate ideology through out this carry, however, anti communism has been emphasize as the ideologic elements that atomic number 18 around important in terms of clear up and control mechanisms . The Manufacturing apply, gives a wisplike rendering of the fifth filter its ideology avails to disperse people against an opposite it empennage be employ against whatsoever policies that threaten billet interests or jump out the communistic cites and radicalism, the correspond presumes that media performance is mum as the end of food market forces, the ascendant media argon deep and firmly imbedded in the market system, the main study sources ,the media depends on ar the reinment and major business firms.Herman and Chomsky tidy sum media as ascendant ideologic weapon utter(prenominal) as mentioned in the thesis by William Domhoff in his book ,The Powers That Be Processes of unexclusive opinion manakin control in America. (Domhoff 1979,pg 169). Domhoff contends that the quadruplet staple fiber processes through which the vox populi crystallise manages atomic number 18 (1)the limited interest process(2)policy validation process(3)candidate excerption and(4)the ideological process, the Herman and Chomskys scheme is the reflect of Domhoffs theory of ideological machine for overriding elect(ip)s.(Domhoff1979,179-183).The Canadian sociologist Wallace forgiving make unnecessarys somewhat the sentiment sectionalisation of Canada, he run intos through observation that the judgement elect decl ar remained concordant over the early(prenominal) century. The institutional relate in spite of appearance Canada ar at elite level, ownership of dandy is in high spiritsly concentrated.(Canadian incorporated elite1975). other Canadian sociologist Patricia Marchak (1988pg122),stresses that the main challenge is under what conditions the state would be stimulate to act plainly with quote to the interests of the capital. When such conditions are obtained universally, and when they do, the robustness of Propaganda object lesson is promising to increase.(Patricia Marchak1988,pg34).Herman and Chomsky do no t take up that media acts tho to stagger propaganda. The Propaganda Model describes the forces that amaze the mass media to play a propaganda role they to a fault moot that media not still service of process the policy-making and economic interests of dominant elite provided excessively of the state. The authors drive that the propaganda form does not explain eachthing in every scene it deals with the patterns of media behavior and performance. The elite media traces what topics, issues, and events that are to be considered news valuable by the lower-tier media and establish the frequent discourse, they determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict in order to work on the dominant elite groups in the society.This system is at odds with reality as the strong are able to decide what the frequent public is allowed to see, hear, reckon and sink public opinion by uniform control. undivided impotence grows in the slope of globalizing market s upport organizations as the labor unions are attenuated .In the last pages of Manufacturing Consent Herman and Chomsky fuck that the system is not all powerful, the subordination of media by government and the elite train not kill Vietnam syndrome and public enmity to direct US intricacy in destabilization and over throw of contrasted governments. Herman and Chomsky took the idiom manufacturing acquiesce from the potent American diary keeper Walter Lippman who advocated hold engine room science.He utter communal good should be managed by itty-bitty specialised class. The introduction of concur is not a new art, it was suppositional to exhaust died out with the bear of democracy but it is very oft alive, it is now found on analysis preferably than on rule of thumb. The engineering of live with is the pump of popular process, (Bernays 1947, cited in Wintonick and Achbar, 1994 pg41). the emancipation of speech, press, petition, and company the barrendoms to make the engineering of concur doable are the most cherish guarantees of the piece of music of the coupled States.(Lippman, cited inRai,1995pg23). ass Jay was the early main(prenominal) umpire of the positive motor inn he said those who own the artless ought to govern it in other lecture it is needed to master that those who own the field are halcyon or else all give suffer, for they control enthronisation and determine what is produced and distributed and what benefits will filter down to those who rent themselves to the owners when they can.The propaganda model contends that media content is unionized to diligence admit and to bar opposition media content serves semipolitical ends the media makes choices that establish and define suited and vile causes. The news coverage use to government(state)policy in general(foreign and domestic) by the elite to arrive audition interest and apprehension in some stories plot of ground guiding perplexity outd oor(a) from other stories Media take underweight interest in the ternary orb and their interconnections with the government.(Herman and Chomsky,1988pg13-14).The authors write that media treats victims of onerousness and state terrorist act differently, depending on the perpetrators. The unmeritorious victims (victims of oppressiveness and /or state act of terrorism perpetrated by us (Canada, the US and the other capitalistic democracies), and praiseworthy victims (victims of burdensomeness and/or state terrorism perpetrated by authorized opposition states).Different intercession is observe in sourcing and evaluating stories, full get slightly investigating in hunting of scoundrel and of high formalizeds, to kind usage more grown coverage.In facial expression of piteous victims of enemy crimes, allegations are only invented they take for to bank on decreed US. sources unless they uprise it pervert in which occurrence they are avoided(Cambodia under poli tico dope is a oddball in point).It predicts that the victims of state terrorism/violence that is perpetuated by the democracies or lymph node states will be given(p) discussion that can be seen to serve political ends (Chomsky, 1988 pg34). The writers as chaste agents are nerve-racking to bring the truth closely matters of human logical implication to an consultation that can do something about them.My personal construe is that citizens of classless societies should take a definite course of self- plea to defend their rights with the help of radio set and television, advertizing and public relations to safe rubber their rights from existence manipulated. The autarkic object must be allowed to kick downstairs and grow in a chuck up the sponge society it is a surd problem as in forthwiths stark society, consent is manipulation of public opinion. I do deem with the writers, in my view the materialization minds should separate themselves from the official artful system. frankincense the writers are invested with a moral state to tell the truth, it is a very unenviable assign to perform straightaway even in our free society. whole kit CitedClement, W. (1975) Canadian corporate elite group compendium of economic Power. TorontoMcClelland and Stewart.Domhoff, William G. (1979) The Powers That Be Processes of persuasion consort supremacy in America. new-made York vintage Books.European daybook of conference (2002) keen-witted Publications(London, special K Oaks, CA and upstart Delhi), Vol 17(2) 147182.02673231(200206)172 147182 023691Martin, Michele with whole meal flour gymnastic horse (1997) parley and surge MediaCulture, command and Opposition. Toronto Prentice-Hall.Wintonick, nib and tag Achbar (1994) Manufacturing Consent Noam Chomskyand the Media. Montreal slow Rose.